Dogs were 'loyal companions to Ice Age hunters' far earlier than believed, study finds

Ancient DNA from a cave in Somerset confirmed the remains were domestic dogs, not wolves

 A new study published in the journal Nature suggests that man's best friend lived alongside humans far earlier than previously believed.

The study was detailed in a University College London (UCL) press release March 26.

The findings centered around ancient DNA found at archaeological sites in the United Kingdom and Turkey, including Gough's Cave in Somerset, England.

Researchers were initially unsure if the skeletons were dogs or wolves because they would have been "indistinguishable," the release said.

The team sequenced DNA from the ancient remains and compared it with more than 1,000 dogs and wolves worldwide, confirming the animals were early domestic dogs.

Researchers analyzed ancient DNA from sites in the United Kingdom and Turkey to confirm the existence of early domesticated dogs. 

The DNA dates to the Late Upper Palaeolithic period and is between 14,000 and 16,000 years old.

Previous studies showed that ancient dogs lived alongside humans 10,000 years ago, but the new findings push the timeline back 5,000 years.

"Researchers from UCL played a critical role by identifying that skeletal remains excavated from the Upper Palaeolithic site of Gough’s Cave in Somerset belonged to domesticated dogs rather than wolves," the release said.

"Similar tests found that remains at Pınarbaşı and Boncuklu in Turkey were also from dogs dating to the Upper Palaeolithic period."

Remains uncovered at Gough's Cave, shown here, were once thought to belong to wolves, researchers said. That has now been shattered. 

Researchers also gleaned insight into what modern breeds the dogs were similar to, the release noted.

"They were more closely related to the ancestors of present-day European and Middle Eastern breeds, such as boxers and salukis, than to Arctic breeds like Siberian huskies."

The release said that "this indicates today’s major dog genetic lineages must have been established by the Upper Palaeolithic period."

Simon Parfitt, a co-author of the study, said the DNA "confirms they were ancient domestic dogs, loyal companions to Ice Age hunters at the northern edge of the inhabited world."

"Notably, some bones show deliberate human modification, including perforations in mandibles, suggesting these dogs held symbolic significance after death as well as companionship during life," he said.

The identification of the Paleolithic dogs "represents a step-change in our understanding of the earliest dogs," said William Marsh, a postdoctoral researcher at the Natural History Museum who was part of the study.

"These specimens allowed us to identify additional ancient dogs from sites in Germany, Italy and Switzerland, which clearly show that dogs were already widely dispersed across Europe and Türkiye by at least 14,000 years ago," said Marsh.

The discovery indicates major dog genetic lineages were established during the Upper Palaeolithic period. 

Researchers believe the dogs acted as hunting partners, companions and guard animals.

UCL Professor Louise Martin, a member of the international research team, noted the dogs were "given burials, with some at Boncuklu buried alongside humans."

She added, "It highlights the special close relationship between people and dogs even at these early stages."

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